Don’t be intimidated by its big name. Macular degeneration is the term for a manageable eye condition that impairs our vision as we age. Whether you’re one of the millions who have been diagnosed with macular degeneration or you’re here to improve your eye health, you may have heard people refer to two types — “wet” and “dry” macular degeneration. So, what’s the difference between the two?

The purpose of this guide is to answer that question, and it starts with a general understanding of macular degeneration.

What is Macular Degeneration?

Age-related macular degeneration, or AMD, represents the primary cause of vision loss among adults over 60. It affects the macula, a crucial part of the retina responsible for central vision processes such as facial recognition, reading, and driving.

This condition develops when the macula begins to deteriorate over time, causing central vision loss while leaving peripheral vision intact. While AMD typically doesn't cause complete blindness, it can significantly impact a person's quality of life by making everyday activities more challenging as the condition progresses.

What is Dry Macular Degeneration?

Dry macular degeneration accounts for 85-90% of all AMD cases and is characterized by the gradual deterioration of the macula and the accumulation of drusen, small deposits of cellular debris in the retina.

While this form typically progresses at a slower rate than wet AMD, it can still lead to significant central vision impairment if left unmonitored. And because dry AMD can sometimes develop into the more serious wet form, regular eye examinations are essential for tracking its progression.

What is Wet Macular Degeneration?

Wet macular degeneration, though less common than dry macular degeneration, represents the more severe form of AMD and requires immediate medical attention. The hallmark of this condition is the abnormal growth of blood vessels beneath the retina, which can leak blood and fluid, causing rapid and severe damage to central vision.

Since there is no treatment for wet macular degeneration, early detection is crucial to managing its symptoms. During this stage, patients may notice straight lines appearing wavy or distorted. These changes should prompt an immediate consultation with your eye care specialist.

Symptoms of Macular Degeneration?

Those over 60 should be aware of the potential wet and dry macular degeneration symptoms, particularly in their early stages, as timely detection is crucial for managing AMD.

• Early and Intermediate Stages
  • Minimal to no noticeable symptoms initially
  • Mild blurriness in central vision
  • Difficulty adapting to low-light conditions
  • Dulled intensity of colors
  • Need for brighter light when reading or doing detailed work
• Advanced Stages (Wet or Dry)
  • Straight lines appearing wavy or bent
  • Dark or blurry spots in the center of vision
  • Progressive growth of blind spots in central vision
  • Difficulty recognizing faces
  • Problems with reading, driving, or performing detailed tasks

Treatments for Macular Degeneration

Managing AMD requires a personalized approach based on the type and stage of the condition. While limited, here are the current treatment options available:

• Dry Macular Degeneration Treatment
  • Regular monitoring through comprehensive eye exams.
  • Lifestyle modifications, including exercising regularly and quitting smoking.
  • Nutritional support through eye-healthy foods (fish, leafy greens, yellow fruits).
  • AREDS2 vitamin and mineral supplements for intermediate stages.
  • Advanced cases may be prescribed one of two new FDA-approved injectable medications, including pegcetacoplan or avacincaptad pegol.
• Wet Macular Degeneration Treatment
  • Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections have shown vision stabilization in 90% of patients and vision improvement in 33%.
  • Laser photocoagulation surgery to seal leaking blood vessels.
  • A combination of photodynamic therapy, laser treatment, and anti-VEGF injections has proven successful in select cases.

FAQs: Wet AMD vs Dry AMD

Which form of macular degeneration is more severe?

While both types can impact vision, wet macular degeneration is generally considered more serious as it can cause rapid vision loss due to leaking blood vessels. Even though dry macular degeneration progresses more slowly, it should still be monitored carefully since it can develop into the wet form.

What are the chances of dry AMD progressing to wet AMD?

Approximately 10% of patients with dry macular degeneration will develop the wet form. Regular monitoring by your eye care specialist is crucial for early detection of any changes, as prompt treatment of wet AMD can help preserve vision.

Can macular degeneration be prevented?

While there's no guaranteed way to prevent AMD, several lifestyle choices can reduce your risk:

• Schedule regular comprehensive eye exams
• Maintain a healthy diet rich in leafy greens and fish
• Exercise regularly
• Avoid smoking or quit if you currently smoke
• Protect your eyes from UV exposure
• Consider vitamin supplements if recommended by your doctor

How often should I get my eyes checked if I have AMD?

The frequency of eye exams depends on your AMD type and stage. Generally, those with early AMD should have comprehensive exams at least annually, while those with more advanced stages may need frequent monitoring. Your eye care specialist will recommend an appropriate schedule.

Can I continue driving with macular degeneration?

Early-stage AMD permits continued driving, especially during daylight hours. However, as the condition progresses, you should discuss driving safety with your eye care provider, as they can best assess your visual capabilities and make appropriate recommendations.